本书共分园艺昆虫识别、园艺植物病害识别与诊断、科学使用农药、园艺植物病虫害田间调查测报和综合防治方案制定、园艺植物病虫害综合防治技术5个项目，项目下设26个任务。同时，教材邀请了企业、行业专家参与编写，对接科技发展趋势和市场需求，及时吸收比较成熟的新技术、新工艺、新规范，以尽可能满足具有国际视野的高素质技术技能型的人才培养的需要。

本书详细介绍了园艺病虫害识别及综合防治技术，图文并茂、体例新颖、层次清晰、深入浅出、通俗易懂、实用性强。适用于高职高专院校园艺类专业，也可供农业科技工作者参考。

In recent years, China’s vocational education has developed unprecedentedly, and exchanges with other countries around the world have become increasingly frequent. There is an urgent need for a large number of high-quality technical and skilled talents with an international vision in all industries, and the demand for talents who can use specialized English proficiently is also increasing. According to the spirit of documents such as the Implementation Plan of National Vocational Education Reform, Guidelines on Promoting the High-quality Development of Modern Vocational Education and the National Planning and Construction Plan of Textbooks for Universities, Secondary Schools and Primary Schools (2019—2022), as well as the needs of the rapid development of horticultural technology, the Horticultural Plant Protection came into being. 
The book consists of five modules: ①identification of horticultural insects, ②identification and diagnosis of horticultural plant diseases, ③scientif ic use of pesticides, ④field investigation, forecast, and integrated control plan for horticultural plant diseases and pests, ⑤integrated control techniques for horticultural plant diseases and pests. There are 26 tasks under these modules, and the contents are arranged by the “task-driven and module-oriented” method. 
The enterprise and industry experts are invited to participate in the compilation of the book to meet the development trend of science and technology and the market demand. The book timely absorbs relatively mature new technologies, new processes, and new specifications, so as to meet the needs of training horticultural talents as much as possible. Qiu Xiaohong (Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry), Wu Kai (China Agriculture Press Co., Ltd), and Ding Yinhuan (Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry) serve as the Editors-in-Chief of the book; Yang Hongjun (Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry), Wang Ji (Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry), and Cao Jian (Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College)serve as the Associate  Editors-in-Chief of the book. The specific division of work is as follows: Module 1 is written by Qiu Xiaohong, Module 2 is written by Ding Yinhuan, Module 3 is written by Cao Jian, and Module 4 is written by Yang Hongjun. For Module 5, Tasks 1 and 2 are written by Wang Ji, Task 3 is written by Yuan Shuixia (Henan Vocational College of Agriculture), Task 4 is written by Wu Kai, Tasks 5 and 6 are written by Zhang Xu (Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry), Task 7 is written by Gao Bolun (Bailie Vocational College), Task 8 is written by Ge Yinglan (Nanyang Vocational College of Agriculture), Tasks 9 and 10 are written by Diao Yamei (Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry), Task 11 is written by Zhu Youli (Zhenjiang City Plant Protective Station), and Task 12 and the book consolidation work were carried out by Wu Kai. Shi Weishan (Jiangsu Aijin Crop Technology Group Co., Ltd.), a senior agronomist, is responsible for the review of pesticide-related content in Module 3 of the book. The researcher Yao Kebing (Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Hilly Area of Jiangsu Province) is responsible for the review of the book. 
We hereby would like to express our heartfelt thanks to the experts and scholars for referring to, drawing on, and quoting relevant documents in the compilation of the book! The book is only based on my perception and knowledge. Suggestions for improvement will be gratefully received.

邱晓红，副教授，现任江苏省杂草学会理事、镇江市农学会理事和江苏省农作物病虫害绿色防控指导专家，为国家级职业教育教师教学创新团队骨干成员。长期从事植物保护教学、科研及推广工作，荣获首届国家教材建设奖一等奖、全国农业教育优秀教材奖。主持国家在线精品课程1门，主编“十三五”“十四五”职业教育国家规划教材 4 部；主持国家级教学资源库子项目1项，获省级以上教学比赛类奖项8项，省级以上科研奖项 3 项。
吴凯，硕士，中级职称，从事植物生产类专业教材的策划出版工作，担任中国现代种业行业产教融合共同体理事会理事，被中国编辑学会评选为大中专教材金牌编辑。策划出版的《植物保护》等教材荣获首届全国教材建设奖，30 余种教材被列入“十三五”“十四五”职业教育国家规划教材，百余种教材被列入省部级规划教材。
丁银环，博士，讲师。主要从事植物保护教学工作，研究方向为弹尾纲分类和系统发育。主持并参与多项基金课题，其中国家自然科学基金参与4项。发表SCI和中文期刊论文共计20余篇，其中以第一作者发表5篇。

Module 1 Identification of Horticultural Insects 1 
Task 1 Identification of Morphological Characteristics of Insects 1 
Task 2 Biological Characteristics of Insects 22 
Task 3 Identification of Key Groups of Horticultural Insects 35 
Module 2 Identification and Diagnosis of Horticultural Plant Diseases 66 
Task 1 Identification of Symptoms of Horticultural Plant Diseases 66 
Task 2 Identification of Fungal Taxa of Horticultural Plant Pathogens 70 
Task 3 Identification of Other Groups of Horticultural Plant Pathogens 107 
Task 4 Diagnosis of Horticultural Plant Diseases 118 
Module 3 Scientific Use of Pesticides 125 
Task 1 Selection of Appropriate Pesticides 125 
Task 2 The Dilution and Preparation of Pesticide 137 
Task 3 Proper Application of Pesticides 141 
Task 4 Pesticide Field Efficacy Test 151 
Module 4  Field Investigation, Forecast, and Integrated Control 
Plan for Horticultural Plant Diseases and Pests 159 
Task 1 Techniques for Horticultural Plant Diseases and Pests Investigation 159 
Task 2 Prediction and Forecast of Horticultural Plant Diseases and Pests 168 
Task 3 Development of Integrated Control Plan for Diseases and Pests 183 
Module 5  Integrated Control Techniques for Horticultural Plant Diseases and Pests 198 
Task 1 Techniques for Diseases and Pests Control of Cruciferous 
Vegetables 198 
Task 2 Techniques for Diseases and Pests Control of Solanaceous Vegetables 243 
Task 3 Techniques for Diseases and Pests Control of Cucurbitaceous Vegetables 301 
Task 4 Techniques for Diseases and Pests Control of Fabaceae and other Vegetables 337 
Task 5 Techniques for Control of Fruit Trees Leaf Diseases 367 
Task 6 Techniques of Control for Stem Diseases of Fruit Tree 394 
Task 7 Techniques of Control for Fruit Diseases of Fruit Tree 415 
Task 8 Techniques for Control of Fruit Borers 440 
Task 9 Techniques for Control of Foliar Pests 452 
Task 10 Techniques for Control of Phloem-Sucking Pests 464 
Task 11 Techniques for Control of Trunk Borers 473 
Task 12 Techniques for Control of Underground Pests 480 
References 496

I. Downy Mildew of Cruciferous Vegetables 
( I ) Symptom Identification 
Downy mildew of cruciferous vegetables can occur throughout the entire fertility period. The disease is severe at the late stage of adult plants, mainly damaging leaves, and then, stems and f lowers, etc. Downy mildew is commonly characterized by leaf damages, which initially produces yellowish-green to brown spots at the topside of leaves; after expansion, the spots shape into polygons and irregular forms due to the limitation of leaf veins; in severe cases, the spots are connected to form pieces, causing part of or the entire leaf to die; injury to pedicels and floral organs often causes hypertrophy and deformity; when humidity is high, white powdery mildew layers can occur on diseased parts.After the onset of the disease, white powdery mildews can appear at the underside of leaves of Chinese cabbages (Brassica rapa pekinensis), while the 
syndromes at the topside of leaves are not obvious. The damaged leaves are dried on one layer after another from outside to inside on the adult plants, in severe cases, leaving only the leafy heads of the plants. Diseases can occur during both the seedling stage and adult stage of common cabbages [Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.]. Chlorotic spots with unclear margins initially appearing on the foliage can turn into yellowish-brown polygonal spots after the expansion due to the limitation of leaf veins. Powdery mildews appear at the underside of the spots. The diseased 
apical buds and pedicels of seed strains become swollen and deformed, which are called the “dragon staff” by farmers. The diseased seedpods also deform to varying degrees, resulting in poor seeding. 
After the onset of the disease, spots that are slightly concave, black to purplish_x005fblack, and dotted and irregular in shape can appear at the topside of leaves of wild cabbages (Brassica oleracea) and cauliflowers (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Linnaeus), while white powdery mildews appear on the spots at the underside of leaves. After the heads of caulif lowers are damaged, the tips turn black and the blackened parts spread to the entire head, which makes the head inedible. Brown to blackish-brown irregular spots and slightly sagged black spots respectively appear on the diseased tuberous roots of turnips (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) and radishes (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus). The spots on the stems of bolting plants are the same. 
( II ) Pathogen Identification 
The pathogen causing downy mildew to cruciferous vegetables is parasitic downy mildew [Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr.], which belongs to Peronospora of Oomycota in Chromista. The aseptate mycelium is colorless, entering host cells to absorb nutrients. Asexual propagation produces sporangia, which grow on the sporangiophores. The sporangiophores protrude from the stomata, branching in the shape of binary trees. The sterigma at the top is pointed, bending inward in the shape of pincers. The sporangia are colorless, amerosporous, oblong oval to oval-shaped, producing germ tubes directly at the time of germination. Sexual propagation produces oospores, which can be formed in diseased leaves, stems, flower stalks, and pods, especially in thick tissues such as flower stalks, etc. The oospore is yellow to yellowish-brown, nearly spherical, thick on the walls, smooth or wrinkled on the surface, and produces germ tubes at the time of germination.
( III ) Occurrence Regularity 
Downy mildew occurs mainly in spring and autumn. In northern China, parasitic downy mildew mainly stays in the soil with the oospores and diseased residues or the root tubers of radishes and turnips with spores and dormant hyphae for oversummering and overwintering. Vegetables infected in spring, e.g., bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis), rapes, and radishes, produce oospores in the disease tissues at the middle and late stage of the infection, which can germinate in the autumn of that year and infect autumn vegetables, becoming the initial source 
of infection in the northern region. In southern China, pathogens can also stay in host cruciferous vegetables in the field with mycelia for overwintering. Under appropriate conditions, mycelia can form sporangiophores that protrude from the stomata and produce sporangia. Both oospores and sporangia are the initial source of infection for diseases in these areas. In Guangdong, where vegetables are planted all year round, pathogens are transmissible on various host crops throughout the year, so overwintering is not taken into consideration. The sporangia produced on these diseased plants become the initial source of infection for local diseases. The oospores and sporangia can be transmitted to the host through wind, rain, or agricultural tools, germinating and producing germ tubes that enter the host tissues from stodiseasemata or epidermis and develop into mycelia. The mycelia expand in gap junctions, causing lesions in the host tissues. Afterward, the hyphae produce sporangiophores that protrude from the stomata. Sporangiophores produce sporangia. The sporangia are transmitted by wind, rain, or airf low for secondary infection. In a growing season, secondary infection occurs many times, causing the diseases to spread. At the late stage of infection, the hyphae in the diseased tissues produce oogonia and antheridia, and the eggs in the oogonia become oospores after being fertilized, and then, the pathogens overwinter and oversummer with oospores or dormant hyphae. 
Temperature and humidity greatly influence the occurrence and epidemic of downy mildew, among which temperature determines the occurrence time and developmental speed of the diseases, and rainfall determines the severity of disease development. The production and germination of sporangia are most suitable at a lower temperature of 7–13℃. The appropriate temperature for invasion into the host is 16℃. After the invasion, the growth of mycelia in the host requires a higher temperature of 20–24℃. Therefore, an epidemic is most likely to occur in rainy weather lasted for more than f ive consecutive days with an average temperature of 16℃ and relative humidity higher than 70%. High humidity and water droplets are beneficial to the formation, germination, and invasion of sporangia. Therefore, diseases are often severe in rainy conditions. Generally, during the rosette and folding stages of Chinese cabbages, if the weather is hot, the rainfall is heavy, or the f ield temperature is high, the temperature difference between day and night is large, or the weather is sometimes hot and sometimes cold, and it’s dewy and foggy, the diseases are most likely to cause epidemics. Diseases can easily occur on seed strains during anthesis on rainy days. Generally, diseases mostly occur on vegetables planted in late autumn and early spring. Diseases occurring on early sown autumn cabbages, especially under a high temperature and heavy rainfall, are usually severe; situations such as poor ventilation in the field, continuous cropping, insufficiency of bottom fertilizer, late seedling thinning, large density, and the lack of fertilizer at the folding stage can also lead to severe diseases. In addition, there are certain differences in disease resistance between cultivars. The cultivars of straight and slight wrappers are less affected by diseases, while the ones of spherical and central type have severe syndromes; the cultivars with white stems that have a tender and juicy taste also have severe syndromes, while the ones with green stems are less affected by diseases.