本书由9位专家合著而成。首先给入行新手回顾了信号与系统、雷达系统和雷达方程的基础知识，然后分章讨论雷达传播介质、雷达电子战、匹配滤波器接收机、雷达模糊函数、目标检测、雷达杂波信号处理、雷达跟踪技术、RCS计算的经典方法和有限差分时域方程方法，RCS计算的集成光学和物理光学方法，天线技术的雷达应用，合成孔径雷达，宽带雷达应用，现代数字阵列天线的雷达应用。

Bassem R. Mahafza是雷达学科世界范围内公认的专家，具有30多年的研究经验，在雷达技术、雷达设计与分析（包括所有传感器子部件）、雷达仿真和模型设计、雷达特征和雷达算法开发（特别是在先进杂波抑制技术和对抗方面）等领域有丰富的成果。
Bassem R. Mahafza是雷达学科世界范围内公认的专家，具有30多年的研究经验，在雷达技术、雷达设计与分析（包括所有传感器子部件）、雷达仿真和模型设计、雷达特征和雷达算法开发（特别是在先进杂波抑制技术和对抗方面）等领域有丰富的成果。

Chapter 1 Signals and Systems - Refresher
1.1 Signal Classification
1.2 Signal Expansion Functions
1.2.1 Fourier Series Expansion
1.2.2 Properties of the Fourier Series
1.3 Fourier Transform
1.3.1 Fourier Transform Pairs and Properties Tables
1.4 Systems Classification
1.4.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems
1.4.2 Time Invariant and Time Varying Systems
1.4.3 Stable and Nonstable Systems
1.4.4 Causal and Noncausal Systems
1.5 Spectra of Common Radar Signals
1.5.1 Continuous Wave Signal
1.5.2 Finite Duration Pulse Signal
1.5.3 Periodic Pulse Signal
1.5.4 Finite Duration Pulse Train Signal
1.6 Convolution Integral
1.7 Correlation
1.7.1 Correlation Coefficient
1.7.2 Correlation Integral - Energy Signals
1.7.3 Relationship between Convolution and Correlation Integrals
1.7.4 Effect of Time Translation on the Correlation Function
1.7.5 Correlation Function Properties
1.7.6 Correlation Integral - Power Signals
1.7.7 Energy and Power Spectrum Densities
1.7.8 Correlation Function for Periodic Signals
1.8 Bandpass Signals
1.8.1 Analytic Signal (Pre-Envelope)
1.8.2 Pre-Envelope and Complex Envelope of Bandpass Signals
1.8.3 Spectrum for a Linear Frequency Modulation Signal
1.9 Discrete Time Systems and Signals
1.9.1 Sampling Theorem
1.10 Z-Transform
1.11 Discrete Fourier Transform
1.11.1 Discrete Power Spectrum
1.11.2 Spectral Leakage and Fold-Over
1.11.3 Windowing Techniques
1.11.4 Decimation and Interpolation
1.12 Random Variables and Random Processes
1.12.1 Random Variables
1.12.2 Multivariate Gaussian Random Vector
1.12.3 Complex Multivariate Gaussian Random Vector
1.12.4 Rayleigh Random Variables
1.12.5 The Chi-Square Random Variables
1.12.6 Random Processes
1.12.7 Gaussian Random Process
1.12.8 Lowpass Gaussian Random Processes
1.12.9 Bandpass Gaussian Random Processes
1.12.10 Envelope of a Bandpass Gaussian Process
Chapter 2 Radar Systems Basics
2.1 Radar Block Diagram
2.2 Radar Specific Terms
2.2.1 Range
2.2.2 Unambiguous Range
2.2.3 Range Resolution
2.2.4 Doppler Frequency
2.3 Radar Systems Classifications and Bands
2.3.1 High Frequency and Very HF Radars (A- and B-Bands)
2.3.2 Ultra High Frequency Radars (C-Band)
2.3.3 L-Band Radars (D-Band)
2.3.4 S-Band Radars (E- and F-Bands)
2.3.5 C-Band Radar (G-Band)
2.3.6 X- and Ku-Band Radars (I- and J-Bands)
2.3.7 K- and Ka-Band Radars (J- and K-Bands)
2.3.8 Millimeter Wave Radars (V- and W-Bands)
2.4 Decibel Arithmetic
2.5 Electromagnetic Waves (RF Waves)
2.5.1 Polarization
2.6 Coherence
2.7 Radar Antenna
2.7.1 Antenna Directivity and Gain
2.7.2 Antenna Power Radiation Pattern
2.7.3 Near and Far Fields
2.7.4 Beam Shape Loss and Scan Loss
2.7.5 Number of Beam Positions
2.8 Radar Cross-Section
2.8.1 RCS Prediction Methods
2.9 Radar Measurement Errors
Chapter 3 Radar Equation
3.1 Radar Range Equation
3.1.1 Maximum Detection Range
3.1.2 Blake Chart
3.1.3 Low Pulse Repetition Frequency Radar Equation
3.1.4 High PRF Radar Equation
3.1.5 Surveillance Radar Equation
3.2 Bistatic Radar Equation
3.3 Radar Losses
3.3.1 Transmit and Receive Losses
3.3.2 Antenna Pattern Loss and Scan Loss
3.3.3 Atmospheric Loss
3.3.4 Collapsing Loss
3.3.5 Processing Loss
3.4 Noise Figure
3.5 Continuous Wave Radars
3.5.1 CW Radar Equation
3.5.2 Frequency Modulation
3.5.3 Linear Frequency Modulated CW Radar
3.5.4 Multiple Frequency CW Radar
Chapter 4 Radar Propagation Medium
4.1 Earth’s Impact on the Radar Equation
4.2 Earth’s Atmosphere
4.3 Atmospheric Models
4.3.1 Index of Refraction in the Troposphere
4.3.2 Index of Refraction in the Ionosphere
4.3.3 Mathematical Model for Computing Refraction
4.3.4 Stratified Atmospheric Refraction Model
4.4 Four-Third Earth Model
4.4.1 Target Height Equation
4.5 Ground Reflection
4.5.1 Smooth Surface Reflection Coefficient
4.5.2 Divergence
4.5.3 Rough Surface Reflection
4.5.4 Total Reflection Coefficient
4.6 Pattern Propagation Factor
4.6.1 Flat Earth
4.6.2 Spherical Earth
4.7 Diffraction
Chapter 5 Radar Electronic Warfare Techniques
5.1 Electronic Warfare Classes
5.2 Passive Jamming Techniques
5.3 Radar Equation with Jamming
5.3.1 Self-Protection Jamming Radar Equation
5.3.2 Support Jamming Radar Equation
5.3.3 Range Reduction Factor
5.4 Noise (Denial) Jamming Techniques
5.4.1 Barrage Noise Jamming
5.4.2 Spot Noise and Sweep Spot Noise Jamming
5.5 Deceptive Jamming
5.6 Electronic Counter-Counter Measure Techniques
5.6.1 Receiver Protection Techniques
5.6.2 Jamming Avoidance and Exploitation Techniques
5.7 Case Studies
5.7.1 Hypothetical Victim-Radar Parameters
5.7.2 Self-Screening Jamming Case
5.7.3 Support Jamming Case
Chapter 6 Matched Filter Receiver
6.1 Matched Filtering
6.1.1 Matched Filter Impulse Response
6.1.2 The Replica
6.1.3 Mean and Variance of the Matched Filter Output
6.2 General Formula for the Output of the Matched Filter
6.2.1 Stationary Target Case
6.2.2 Moving Target Case
6.3 Waveform Resolution
6.3.1 Range Resolution
6.3.2 Doppler Resolution
6.3.3 Combined Range and Doppler Resolution
6.4 Range and Doppler Uncertainty
6.4.1 Range Uncertainty
6.4.2 Doppler (Velocity) Uncertainty
6.5 Combined Range-Doppler Uncertainty
6.6 Target Parameter Estimation
6.6.1 What is an Estimator
6.6.2 Amplitude Estimation
6.6.3 Phase Estimation
6.7 Pulse Compression
6.7.1 Time-Bandwidth Product
6.7.2 Radar Equation with Pulse Compression
6.7.3 Basic Principle of Pulse Compression
6.7.4 Correlation Processor
6.7.5 Stretch Processor
6.7.6 Stepped Frequency Waveforms
6.7.7 Effect of Target Velocity on Pulse Compression
Chapter 7 Radar Ambiguity Function
7.1 Ambiguity Function Definition
7.2 Effective Signal Bandwidth and Duration
7.3 Single Pulse Ambiguity Function
7.3.1 Time-Bandwidth Product
7.3.2 Ambiguity Function
7.4 LFM Ambiguity Function
7.4.1 Time-Bandwidth Product
7.4.2 Ambiguity Function
7.5 Coherent Pulse Train Ambiguity Function
7.5.1 Time-Bandwidth Product
7.5.2 Ambiguity Function
7.6 Pulse Train with LFM Ambiguity Function
7.7 Stepped Frequency Waveform Ambiguity Function
7.8 Nonlinear Frequency Modulation
7.8.1 Concept of Stationary Phase
7.8.2 Frequency Modulated Waveform Spectrum Shaping
7.9 Ambiguity Diagram Contours
7.9.1 Range-Doppler Coupling in LFM Signals - Revisited
7.10 Discrete Code Signal Representation
7.10.1 Pulse-Train Codes
7.11 Phase Coding
7.11.1 Binary Phase Codes
7.11.2 Polyphase Codes
7.12 Frequency Codes
Chapter 8 Target Detection
Part I - Single Pulse Detection
8.1 Single Pulse with Known Parameters
8.2 Single Pulse with Known Amplitude and Unknown Phase
8.2.1 Probability of False Alarm
8.2.2 Probability of Detection
Part II - Detection of Fluctuating Targets
8.3 Pulse Integration
8.3.1 Coherent Integration
8.3.2 Noncoherent Integration
8.3.3 Improvement Factor and Integration Loss
8.3.4 Probability of False Alarm Formulation for a Square Law Detector
8.3.5 Square Law Detection
8.4 Probability of Detection Calculation
8.4.1 Detection of Swerling 0 (Swerling V) Targets
8.4.2 Detection of Swerling I Targets
8.4.3 Detection of Swerling II Targets
8.4.4 Detection of Swerling III Targets
8.4.5 Detection of Swerling IV Targets
8.5 Cumulative Probability of Detection
8.6 Constant False Alarm Rate
8.6.1 Cell-Averaging CFAR (Single Pulse)
8.6.2 Cell-Averaging CFAR with Noncoherent Integration
8.7 M-out-of-N Detection
8.8 Radar Equation Revisited
8.9 Gamma Function
8.9.1 Incomplete Gamma Function
Chapter 9 Radar Signal Processing in Clutter
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Clutter Definition
9.3 Volume Clutter
9.3.1 Radar Range Equation in Volume Clutter
9.3.2 Volume Clutter Spectra
9.4 Area Clutter
9.4.1 Constant γ Model
9.4.2 Signal to Clutter, Airborne Radar
9.5 Clutter RCS, Ground-Based
9.5.1 Low PRF Case
9.5.2 High PRF Case
9.6 Amplitude Distribution
9.7 Area Clutter Spectrum
9.8 Doppler Processing
9.8.1 Range and Doppler Processing
9.8.2 Range and Doppler Ambiguity
9.8.3 Generalized Spectrum for Ground and Airborne Systems
9.9 Moving Target Indicator
9.9.1 Two Pulse Canceler
9.9.2 Three Pulse Canceler
9.9.3 The N+1 Pulse Canceler
9.9.4 Recursive MTI Filter
9.9.5 Blind Speeds and PRF Staggering
9.9.6 MTI Figures of Merit
9.10 Pulse Doppler Processing
9.10.1 Discrete Time Fourier Transform
9.10.2 Discrete Fourier Transform
9.10.3 Windowing
9.11 Ambiguity Resolution
9.11.1 Range Ambiguity Resolution
9.11.2 Doppler Ambiguity Resolution
9.11.3 Pulse Pair Processing
9.12 Limitations of Doppler Processing
Appendix 9-A Fill Pulses in Pulse Doppler Radars
Chapter 10 Radar Tracking
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic Concepts
10.2.1 Tracking Architecture
10.2.2 State Space Representation
10.3 Measurements
10.3.1 Angle Measurements
10.4 Filtering
10.4.1 Least Squares
10.4.2 Recursive Least Squares
10.4.3 Kalman Filter
10.4.4 Extended Kalman Filter
10.5 Derivation of Recursive Least Squares
10.6 Data Association
10.6.1 Gating
10.7 Tracking Maneuvering Targets
10.7.1 Field Parameter Filters
10.7.2 Dynamic Parameter Filters
10.7.3 Multiple Model Filters
Chapter 11 Canonical and Finite Difference Time Domain Methods for RCS
Computations
11.1 Radar Cross-Section Definition
11.2 RCS Dependency on Aspect Angle and Frequency
11.3 Target Scattering Matrix
11.4 Scattering off Basic Canonical Objects
11.4.1 Cylinder
11.4.2 Dielectric-Capped wedge
11.4.3 Spheres
11.4.4 Ellipsoids
11.5 RCS Approximations of Simple Objects
11.5.1 Finite Length Cylinder
11.5.2 Circular Flat Plate
11.5.3 Rectangular Flat Plate
11.5.4 Triangular Flat Plate
11.5.5 Truncated Cone (Frustum)
11.6 RCS Using Computational Electromagnetics
11.6.1 The Standard Finite Difference Time Domain Method
11.7 RCS Using the FDTD Method
11.7.1 RCS of a Sphere
11.7.2 RCS of Complex Objects
Chapter 12 Integral and Physical Optics Methods for RCS Computation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Radiation and Scattering
12.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations
12.2.2 Boundary Conditions
12.2.3 Formulations for Radiation
12.2.4 Near and Far Fields
12.2.5 Formulations for Scattering
12.3 Numerical Methods
12.3.1 Method of Moments
12.3.2 Physical Optics
12.3.3 Physical Theory of Diffraction
12.3.4 Shooting and Bouncing Rays
12.3.5 Scattering Centers
12.4 RCS Data Products
12.5 Scattering Coordinate System
12.5.1 Target Geometry Coordinate System
12.5.2 Spherical Coordinates
12.5.3 Aspect and Roll Coordinates
12.5.4 Measurement Coordinate System
12.6 Examples
12.6.1 Bodies of Revolution
12.6.2 Complex Three-Dimensional Objects
Chapter 13 Antennas for Radar Applications
13.1 Antenna Types
13.2 Antenna Basic Parameters
13.2.1 Radiation Pattern
13.2.2 Antenna Radiated Power
13.2.3 Radiation Intensity
13.2.4 Directivity
13.2.5 Antenna Gain
13.2.6 Antenna Effective Aperture
13.3 General Antenna Arrays
13.4 Linear Arrays
13.5 Array Tapering
13.6 Planar Arrays
13.6.1 Rectangular Grid Arrays
13.6.2 Circular Grid Arrays
13.6.3 Concentric Grid Circular Arrays
13.6.4 Recursive Circular 2-D Arrays
13.6.5 Rectangular Grid with Circular Boundary Arrays
13.7 Three- Dimensional Arrays
13.7.1 Rectangular Parallelepiped 3-D Array
13.7.2 Spherical 3-D Arrays
13.7.3 Arbitrary Arrays
13.8 Array Feeding and Beamforming Networks
13.8.1 General Forms of Array Feeding Networks
13.8.2 Wideband Operation of Feeding Networks
13.8.3 Array Beamforming Networks
13.8.4 Power-Divider Beamforming Networks
13.8.5 Butler and Blass Matrix
13.8.6 Rotman Lens
13.8.7 Design Considerations for Beamforming Networks
13.8.8 Feeding and Beamforming Networks for Two-Dimensional Arrays
Chapter 14 Synthetic Aperture Radar
14.1 Basic Strip-Map Synthetic Aperture Radar Concept
14.1.1 Down Range Resolution
14.1.2 Cross-Range Resolution
14.1.3 Pulse Repetition Frequency Consideration
14.2 SAR Image Formation
14.2.1 Image Formation Processing Steps
14.2.2 Motion Compensation
14.2.3 Image Formation
14.2.4 Auto-Focus Techniques
14.3 Image Quality Considerations
14.4 Spotlight SAR
14.4.1 Motion through Resolution Cells
14.4.2 Polar Format Algorithm
14.4.3 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
14.5 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar
Chapter 15 Wideband Radar Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Band Versus Bandwidth
15.2.1 Various Bandwidths
15.2.2 Narrow Band, Medium Band and Wideband
15.3 Wideband Radar Applications
15.3.1 Foliage Penetrating Synthetic Array Radar
15.3.2 Automotive Blind Spot Warning and Collision Avoidance
15.3.3 Space Object Identification
15.3.4 Ground Perimeter Surveillance
15.3.5 Pavement Profiling and Inspection
15.3.6 Wall-Penetrating Radar for Detecting People
15.3.7 Noninvasive Construction Scanning
15.3.8 Industrial Robot Control
15.3.9 Compact Radar Range
15.3.10 Airport Security Imaging and Detection
15.3.11 Application Conclusions
Chapter 16 Modern Digital Array Antennas for Radar Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Introduction to Digital Arrays
16.3 Comparison of Array Antenna Architectures by Example
16.4 Other Digital Array Advantages
16.5 Extreme Data Rate Demands in Digital Arrays
16.6 Digital Down-Conversion and Digital Up-Conversion
16.7 Array Factor versus Huygens-Fresnel Principle
16.8 Simultaneous Receive Beams
16.9 Array Scanning Effects to Antenna Pattern
16.10 Noise Figure and Third Order Intercept in AESA
16.11 Concluding Remarks
Index